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<sup class='footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.ramma.net\/?p=3554#fn-3554-1' id='fnref-3554-1' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(3554)'>1<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u9ad8\u96c5\u502b\u8207\u6211\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u5c0d\u6469\u897f\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u500b\u8a66\u63a2\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5f9e\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u800c\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u6c11\u65cf\u59cb\u7956\u91ce\u5fc3\u7684\u8a66\u63a2\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6469\u897f\u6c92\u6709\u5728\u9019\u500b\u8a71\u984c\u4e0a\u591a\u60f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u60f3\u5230\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5fe0\u65bc\u4ed6\u8981\u5c07\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u7684\u767e\u59d3\u5f9e\u57c3\u53ca\u5730\u9818\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u53ec\u547d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u70ba\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u6469\u897f\u5be7\u53ef\u8b93\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u5f9e\u7942\u6240\u5beb\u7684\u751f\u547d\u518a\u4e0a\u5857\u62b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u9054\u5230\u4ee3\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u906d\u68c4\u7d55\u662f\u548e\u7531\u81ea\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u771f\u70ba\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u767e\u59d3\u9818\u8896\u7684\u6469\u897f\uff0c\u81f3\u7d42\u6c92\u6709\u4f5c\u51fa\u300c\u91ce\u5fc3\u300d\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 1930px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/DBMK8d-1eyimLSDDSZ2ApVtG4Bn3g5d9NTMZYDPPeHE37lBCX3wCE9POGEdG7egowLuOTY-Sz5SGxEO5HH7zE4m4ehzsHXtfTtDu1BA=w2560-h1440-no\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" alt=\"\u6469\u897f\u5728\u4e8b\u5949\u4e2d\u5c62\u53d7\u6311\u6230\" class=\"size-full\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u25b2\u6469\u897f\u5728\u4e8b\u5949\u4e2d\u5c62\u53d7\u6311\u6230<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u6bc0\u8b17\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u8b19\u548c\u9762\u5c0d\u3002\uff08\u6c11\u5341\u4e8c1-9\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6469\u897f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\uff0c\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u7d93\u6b77\u88ab\u4eba\u68c4\u7d55\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u9084\u672a\u88ab\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u547c\u53ec\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u57c3\u53ca\u5730\u70ba\u540c\u80de\u51fa\u982d\u800c\u6bba\u5bb3\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u57c3\u53ca\u4eba\uff0c\u5f8c\u53cd\u800c\u88ab\u540c\u80de\u8cea\u7591\u53ca\u68c4\u7d55\u3002\u800c\u4eca\u6b21\u68c4\u7d55\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u5225\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u89aa\u4eba\u2500\u2500\u4ed6\u7684\u54e5\u54e5\u4e9e\u502b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u59d0\u59d0\u7c73\u5229\u6697\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u4e9e\u502b\u548c\u7c73\u5229\u6697\u4ee5\u6469\u897f\u5a36\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u53e4\u5be6\u5973\u5b50\u70ba\u59bb\u800c\u6bc0\u8b17\u4ed6\uff08\u6c11\u5341\u4e8c1\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u9019\u500b\u6307\u63a7\u5f88\u727d\u5f37\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6469\u897f\u5a36\u59bb\u6642\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u5c1a\u672a\u9812\u4e0b\u5f8b\u6cd5\u8072\u660e\u4e0d\u53ef\u5a36\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u70ba\u59bb\u3002\u800c\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5006\u60f3\u63a8\u7ffb\u6469\u897f\u5c6c\u9748\u6b0a\u67c4\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u85c9\u53e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u5ac9\u5992\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u63d0\u51fa\u547c\u53ec\u4e0a\u7684\u7570\u8b70\uff08\u6c11\u5341\u4e8c2\uff09\u3002\u4e8b\u4ef6\u96d6\u7136\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u6469\u897f\u3001\u4e9e\u502b\u548c\u7c73\u5229\u6697\u4e09\u59d0\u5f1f\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u770b\u4f86\u53ea\u5c6c\u5bb6\u5ead\u7cfe\u7d1b\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u5927\u796d\u53f8\u548c\u5148\u77e5\u5411\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u7684\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6240\u767c\u51fa\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u518d\u5f80\u5f8c\u770b\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u600e\u6a23\u65a5\u8cac\u548c\u5211\u7f70\u4e9e\u502b\u548c\u7c73\u5229\u6697\u4fbf\u53ef\u77e5\u9053\u4e8b\u60c5\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u770b\u770b\uff0c\u6469\u897f\u5982\u4f55\u9762\u5c0d\u4ed6\u54e5\u54e5\u4e9e\u502b\u548c\u4ed6\u59d0\u59d0\u7c73\u5229\u6697\u7684\u6bc0\u8b17\u548c\u6b0a\u529b\u6311\u6230\u3002\u8056\u7d93\u88e1\u53ea\u5beb\u8457\u300c\u6469\u897f\u70ba\u4eba\u6975\u5176\u8b19\u548c\uff0c\u52dd\u904e\u4e16\u4e0a\u7684\u773e\u4eba\u3002\u300d\uff08\u6c11\u5341\u4e8c3\u7bc0\uff09\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u6469\u897f\u6c92\u6709\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u722d\u8faf\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u53cd\u99c1\u3002\u5e03\u745e\u8499\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u8b19\u548c\u4e00\u8a9e\u7684\u5b57\u6839\u662f\u300c\u5c48\u8eab\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u9818\u8896\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u78ba\u662f\u300c\u5c07\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u653e\u5728\u795e\u548c\u886a\u7684\u4e8b\u5de5\u4e0b\u300d\u3002\u201d <sup class='footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.ramma.net\/?p=3554#fn-3554-2' id='fnref-3554-2' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(3554)'>2<\/a><\/sup>\u7576\u6469\u897f\u9078\u64c7\u4ee5\u300c\u8b19\u548c\u300d\u4f86\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u4ee5\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u7684\u4e8b\u5de5\u5927\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u5c48\u8fb1\u6642\uff0c\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u4fbf\u4e3b\u52d5\u300c\u807d\u898b\u4e86\u300d\uff08\u6c11\u5341\u4e8c2\u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u63a1\u53d6\u4e3b\u52d5\uff0c\u53ec\u96c6\u4ed6\u5011\u4e09\u4eba\u5230\u6703\u5e55\u524d\u5206\u51fa\u597d\u6b79\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7e3d\u7d50<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5f9e\u6469\u897f\u751f\u5e73\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5929\u751f\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u55ae\u6191\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\u5fc3\u70ba\u52d5\u529b\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u52dd\u4efb\u9818\u8896\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u6469\u897f\u751a\u81f3\u56e0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e7c\u7a1a\u548c\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u800c\u81ea\u89ba\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5931\u6557\u8005\uff0c\u8981\u9003\u5230\u66e0\u91ce\u3002\u5728\u66e0\u91ce\u5b89\u975c\u96b1\u5c45\uff0c\u6e21\u904e\u4ed6\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u56db\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u624d\u88ab\u795e\u8a8d\u70ba\u5408\u9069\u8499\u53ec\u88ab\u886a\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u6469\u897f\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u4f4d\u5c6c\u9748\u7684\u5049\u4eba\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u9818\u8896\uff0c\u537b\u662f\u4e00\u689d\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u8def\u7a0b\u3002\u800c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u8ad6\u53ca\u7684\u4e09\u5b97\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u795e\u5c0d\u6469\u897f\u7684\u9676\u9020\u548c\u8a13\u7df4\u6b77\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6469\u897f\u5c0d\u795e\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u548c\u9806\u670d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u6469\u897f\u7684\u9818\u8896\u5730\u4f4d\u8207\u4ed6\u5c0d\u795e\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u548c\u9806\u670d\u76f4\u63a5\u806f\u4e0a\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u6211\u5f88\u540c\u610f\u840a\u65af\u7279\u2027\u6885\u723e\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1a\u201c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u4f7f\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u614b\u5ea6\u3002\u904e\u7d05\u6d77\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u975e\u5e38\u61fc\u6015\u6cd5\u8001\u548c\u57c3\u53ca\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u73fe\u5728\u300c\u767e\u59d3\u656c\u754f\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u300d\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u66fe\u5411\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u54c0\u865f\uff0c\u5411\u6469\u897f\u57cb\u6028\uff0c\u4f46\u73fe\u5728\u300c\u4fe1\u670d\u886a\u548c\u886a\u7684\u50d5\u4eba\u6469\u897f\u300d\uff0831\u7bc0\uff09\u3002\u201d <sup class='footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.ramma.net\/?p=3554#fn-3554-3' id='fnref-3554-3' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(3554)'>3<\/a><\/sup> \u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u5f97\u62ef\u6551\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\uff0c\u4f46\u886a\u7684\u62ef\u6551\u537b\u5b9a\u610f\u900f\u904e\u6469\u897f\u7684\u9806\u670d\u4f86\u9054\u6210\u3002\u85c9\u6b64\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u767e\u59d3\u65e2\u9806\u670d\u4e86\u8036\u548c\u83ef\uff0c\u4e5f\u9806\u670d\u4e86\u6469\u897f\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u78ba\u7acb\u4e86\u6469\u897f\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u795e\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u548c\u9806\u670d\uff0c\u4e0d\u55ae\u5f71\u97ff\u81ea\u8eab\u8207\u795e\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u548c\u5408\u9069\u88ab\u795e\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u5426\uff0c\u66f4\u6703\u5c0d\u8eab\u908a\u7fa4\u9ad4\u5c0d\u795e\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u9020\u6210\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u8981\u518d\u8457\u773c\u770b\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u795e\u5728\u4f60\u8eab\u4e0a\u6240\u6258\u4ed8\u7684\uff0c\u886a\u5fc5\u7136\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8d95\u5feb\u9806\u670d\u5c31\u662f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u7121\u77e5\u548c\u9811\u52a3\uff0c\u5c0d\u6469\u897f\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u9020\u6210\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6230\u548c\u58d3\u529b\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u65bc\u897f\u4e43\u5c71\u4e0a\u56db\u5341\u665d\u591c\u9072\u9072\u4e0d\u8fd4\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u767e\u59d3\u7adf\u8f49\u53bb\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u9020\u5076\u50cf\u4f86\u656c\u62dc\u4e00\u4e8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6469\u897f\u7684\u78ba\u8981\u9762\u5c0d\u5f9e\u795e\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u80fd\u4f7f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f8c\u88d4\u6210\u70ba\u5927\u570b\u7684\u300c\u91ce\u5fc3\u300d\u7684\u8003\u9a57\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u6240\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u795e\u7684\u69ae\u8000\u548c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u5fe0\u65bc\u4ed6\u88ab\u547c\u53ec\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u300c\u91ce\u5fc3\u300d\u81e8\u5230\u6469\u897f\u6210\u70ba\u8a66\u63a2\uff0c\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u53c8\u4f55\u5617\u4e0d\u771f\u5be6\u5462\uff1f\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e8b\u5949\u4e2d\u90fd\u6703\u6709\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7684\u8f9b\u9178\u7684\u8003\u9a57\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u504f\u96e2\u53ec\u547d\uff0c\u7e3d\u60f3\u627e\u500b\u6a5f\u6703\u6539\u8b8a\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u6216\u5c0b\u627e\u6649\u5347\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u69ae\u8000\u4eba\u524d\uff0c\u6eff\u8db3\u300c\u91ce\u5fc3\u300d\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5c0f\u5fc3\uff0c\u795e\u53ea\u60f3\u6211\u5011\u5fe0\u65bc\u53ec\u547d\uff0c\u653e\u4e0b\u300c\u91ce\u5fc3\u300d\uff0c\u55ae\u55ae\u4f9d\u9760\u886a\u7684\u5927\u80fd\u548c\u61c9\u8a31\u3002\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u5148\u6c42\u886a\u7684\u570b\u548c\u886a\u7684\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6069\u5178\u886a\u5fc5\u6703\u52a0\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u6469\u897f\u5f9e\u88ab\u4e9e\u502b\u548c\u7c73\u5229\u6697\u6bc0\u8b17\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b78\u7fd2\u5230\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u51fa\u8a00\u653b\u64ca\u6642\u9078\u64c7\u4e0d\u767c\u4e00\u8a00\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u8868\u767d\u751a\u9ebc\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u6469\u897f\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u6700\u6e05\u695a\u4ed6\u7684\u6b0a\u67c4\u662f\u5f9e\u4f55\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u5c0d\u4ed6\u6b0a\u67c4\u7684\u6bc0\u8b17\u8207\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u6307\u5411\u4ed6\u6b0a\u67c4\u7684\u6e90\u982d\u2500\u2500\u8036\u548c\u83ef\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5728\u610f\u807d\u9019\u4e9b\uff0c\u4ed6\u6df1\u4fe1\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u81ea\u5df1\u6703\u807d\u898b\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u300c\u8b19\u548c\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u55ae\u7d14\u662f\u5fcd\u53d7\u5c48\u8fb1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u5c0a\u91cd\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u6b0a\u67c4\u3002\u65b0\u7d04\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f85\u66fe\u5c0d\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u4eba\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u88ab\u4f60\u5011\u8ad6\u65b7\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u5225\u4eba\u8ad6\u65b7\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u4ee5\u70ba\u6975\u5c0f\u7684\u4e8b\uff1b\u9023\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8ad6\u65b7\u81ea\u5df1\u300d\uff08\u6797\u524d\u56db3\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u5207\u6b0a\u67c4\u7684\u8868\u767d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5f9e\u8cdc\u6b0a\u67c4\u7684\u795e\u800c\u4f86\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u9ed8\u7136\u4e0d\u8a9e\u662f\u9060\u52dd\u904e\u53cd\u99c1\uff0c\u8b93\u6bc0\u8b17\u7684\u8a71\u7121\u4eba\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5176\u4eba\u4fbf\u6703\u81ea\u89ba\u5c37\u5c2c\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6bc0\u8b17\u7684\u8a71\u3001\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u8a71\u81e8\u5230\u6211\u5011\u4e8b\u5949\u795e\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u6642\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8b19\u548c\u9762\u5c0d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u5c31\u53ea\u7ba1\u8b93\u795e\u53bb\u807d\u5427\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u6bc0\u8b17\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u8981\u5fff\u5fff\u4e0d\u5e73\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u591a\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u6b65\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u795e\u81ea\u6703\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u795e\u900f\u904e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u4f86\u8a13\u7df4\u548c\u8b93\u6469\u897f\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Alan Cole\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4e01\u9053\u723e\u820a\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u6ce8\u91cb\u2500\u2500\u51fa\u57c3\u53ca\u8a18\u300b\u3002\u674e\u6c38\u660e\u8b6f\u3002\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u6821\u5712\u66f8\u623f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2002\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8607\u7a4e\u667a\uff1a\u300a\u751f\u547d\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u5217\uff1a\u51fa\u57c3\u53ca\u8a18\u2500\u2500\u51fa\u6b7b\u5165\u751f\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\u3002\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u5929\u9053\u66f8\u6a13\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\uff0c1999\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e03\u745e\u8499\uff08Raymond Brown\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u5217\u2500\u2500\u6c11\u6578\u8a18\u300b\u3002\u674e\u6c38\u660e\u8b6f\u3002\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u6821\u5712\u66f8\u623f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2010\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u72c4\u62c9\u5fb7\uff08Raymond B. 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